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- Network Working Group
- Request for Comments: 830
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- A Distributed System for Internet Name Service
-
-
- by
- Zaw-Sing Su
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- +-------------------------------------------------------------+
- | |
- | This RFC proposes a distributed name service for DARPA |
- | Internet. Its purpose is to focus discussion on the |
- | subject. It is hoped that a general consensus will |
- | emerge leading eventually to the adoption of standards. |
- | |
- +-------------------------------------------------------------+
-
-
-
-
-
-
- October 1982
-
-
-
- SRI International
- 333 Ravenswood Avenue
- Menlo Park, California 94025
-
- (415) 859-4576
-
-
- RFC 830 October 1982
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- A Distributed System for Internet Name Service
-
-
-
- 1 INTRODUCTION
-
- For many years, the ARPANET Naming Convention "<user>@<host>" has
- served its user community for its mail system. The substring "<host>"
- has been used for other user applications such as file transfer (FTP)
- and terminal access (Telnet). With the advent of network
- interconnection, this naming convention needs to be generalized to
- accommodate internetworking. The Internet Naming Convention [1]
- describes a hierarchical naming structure for serving Internet user
- applications such as SMTP for electronic mail, FTP and Telnet for file
- transfer and terminal access. It is an integral part of the network
- facility generalization to accommodate internetworking.
-
- Realization of Internet Naming Convention requires the
- establishment of both naming authority and name service. In this
- document, we propose an architecture for a distributed System for
- Internet Name Service (SINS). We assume the reader's familiarity with
- [1], which describes the Internet Naming Convention.
-
- Internet Name Service provides a network service for name
- resolution and resource negotiation for the establishment of direct
- communication between a pair of source and destination application
- processes. The source application process is assumed to be in
- possession of the destination name. In order to establish
- communication, the source application process requests for name service.
- The SINS resolves the destination name for its network address, and
- provides negotiation for network resources. Upon completion of
- successful name service, the source application process provides the
- destination address to the transport service for establishing direct
- communication with the destination application process.
-
-
-
- 2 OVERVIEW
-
- 2.1 System Organization
-
- SINS is a distributed system for name service. It logically
- consists of two parts: the domain name service and the application
- interface (Figure 1). The domain name service is an application
- independent network service for the resolution of domain names. This
- resolution is provided through the cooperation among a set of domain
-
-
- 1
-
- RFC 830 October 1982
-
-
-
- name servers (DNSs). With each domain is associated a DNS.* The reader
- is referred to [2] for the specification of a domain name server. As
- noted in [1], a domain is an administrative but not necessarily a
- topological entity. It is represented in the networks by its associated
- DNS. The resolution of a domain name results in the address of its
- associated DNS.
-
-
- Application Application
- Process Process
- | |
- SINS | |
- -------|---------------------------------------------|----- Application
- | AIP AIP | Interface
- | | | | . . . . . . .
- | DNS - - - DNS - - - DNS - - . . . - - DNS | Domain Name
- ----------------------------------------------------------- Service
-
- Figure 1 Separation of Application Interface
-
- The application interface provides mechanisms for resolution beyond
- that of destination domain and negotiation to ensure resource
- availability and compatibility. Such negotiation is sometimes referred
- to as the "what-can-you-do-for-me" negotiation. The application
- interface isolates domain name service from application dependence. It
- thus allows sharing of domain name service among various user
- applications.
-
- The application interface consists of a set of application
- interface processes (AIPs) one for each endpoint domain. For operation
- efficiency, the AIP is assumed to be combined with its associated DNS
- forming an endpoint DNS (Figure 2).
-
-
- Application Application
- Process Process
- | |
- SINS | |
- -------|---------------------------------------------|-------
- | Endpoint Endpoint |
- | DNS - - - DNS - - - DNS - - . . . - - DNS |
- | |
- -------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Figure 2 Distribution of Name Service Components Among Domains
-
- --------------------
- * For reasons such as reliability, more than one DNS per domain may be
- required. They may be cooperating DNSs or identical for redundancy. In
- either case, without loss of generality we may logically view the
- association as one DNS per domain.
-
-
- 2
-
- RFC 830 October 1982
-
- 2.2 Domain Resolution
-
- For name service, the source application process presents to its
- local AIP the destination name, and the application service it requests.
- For most applications, the application service the source application
- process requests would be the service it offers. The destination name
- is assumed to be fully qualified of the form:
-
- <local name>@<domain>.<domain>. ... .<domain>
-
- The domains named in the concatenation are hierarchically related [1].
- The left-to-right string of simple names in the concatenation proceeds
- from the most specific domain to the most general. The concatenation of
- two domains,
-
- ... .<domain A>.<domain B>. ...
-
- implies the one on the left, domain A, to be an immediate member (i.e.,
- the first-generation descendent) of the one on the right, domain B. The
- right-most simple name designates a top-level domain, a first-generation
- descendent of the naming universe.
-
- For domain resolution, the AIP consults the domain name service. It
- presents the co-located DNS with the fully qualified domain
- specification:
-
- <domain>.<domain>. ... .<domain>
-
- The DNSs participating in a resolution resolve the concatenation from
- the right. The source endpoint DNS resolves the right-most simple name
- and acts as a hub polling the other DNSs. It resolves the right-most
- simple name into an address for the DNS of the specified top-level
- domain, then polls that DNS with a request for further resolution. When
- polled, a DNS resolves the next right-most simple domain name. Upon
- successful resolution, an intermediate DNS may have a choice of either
- returning the resulting address or forwarding the request to the next
- DNS for continuing resolution.
- When a intermediate DNS receives a reply from the next DNS, it must
- respond to the request it has received. To simplify the domain name
- service protocol, an intermediate DNS is not allowed to act as a hub for
- further polling.
-
-
- 2.3 Application Interface
-
- Addressing for destination endpoint domain is in general not
- sufficient for the source application process to establish direct
- communication with the destination application process. In order to
- establish direct communication, further addressing may be necessary.
- Addressing beyond destination endpoin domain may be necessary when the
- addressing of application process cannot be derived from the address of
- the endpoint domain. To provide such derivation capability permanent
- binding and universal binding convention, such as TCP port number
- assignment, may be necessary.
-
- 3
-
- RFC 830 October 1982
-
- Beyond addressing, negotiation for resource availability and
- compatibility is often found necessary. The application interface
- provides a "what-can-you-do-for-me" negotiation capability between the
- source and destination endpoint domains. Such negotiation mechanisms
- provided in this design include those for the availability and
- compatibility of transport service, e.g., TCP or UDP, and application
- service, e.g., SMTP for mail transport. The availability of such
- negotiation service may allow dynamic binding and variations in system
- design.
-
- The application interface offers an integrated service for various
- "what-can-you-do-for-me" negotiation capabilities.
-
- 2.4 Example
-
- Let us assume that a request is made at ISID for remote file
- transfer using NIFTP to SRI-TSC. The domain name for ISID is
- D.ISI.USC.ARPA,* and TSC.SRI.ARPA for SRI-TSC. The hierarchical
- relationship between these two domains is as depicted in Figure 3 below.
- The NIFTP process (an application process) at ISID forwards the domain
- name TSC.SRI.ARPA" to the local AIP in domain D for name service. The
- AIP forwards the fully qualified domain name, "TSC.SRI.ARPA", to its co-
- located DNS for domain resolution.
-
- ARPA, the right-most simple name, is assumed to designate a top-
- level domain. The DNS of D recognizes this simple name, resolves it
- into the address of the ARPA domain DNS, and forwards the request to
- that DNS with a pointer pointing to the next domain "SRI". The ARPA DNS
- recognizes "SRI" as one of its subdomains, resolves the address of the
- subdomain's DNS. It has a choice at this point whether to return this
- address to the source endpoint DNS or to forward the request to the DNS
- of SRI.
-
- naming
- universe
- / \
- --- ARPA (DNS)
- / |
- / SRI (DNS)
- / | \
- USC (DNS) TSC (DNS/AIP)
- | |
- | [TCP/FTP/RFT]
- ISI (DNS)
- |
- D (DNS/AIP)
- / \
- [TCP/NIFTP/RFT] [TCP/FTP/RFT]
- |
- user
-
- --------------------
- * Domain names used in the examples are for illustration purposes only.
- The assignment of domain names is beyond the scope of this writeup.
-
- 4
-
- RFC 830 October 1982
-
-
- If it returns the address, the source endpoint DNS at D, would continue
- polling by forwarding the request to the SRI DNS. When the DNS of SRI
- detects TSC as the last domain in the concatenation, it resolves the
- address for the DNS at TSC, and returns it to the source DNS at domain
- D. Upon receiving a successful domain resolution, the source DNS returns
- the obtained address to its associated AIP.
-
- Since the destination AIP is co-located at this address, the source
- AIP is able to forward a request with the service designation
- "TCP/NIFTP/RFT" for "what-can-you-do-for-me" negotiation. Realizing
- that within TSC there is no NIFTP but FTP provided for remote file
- transfer, the destination AIP would respond accordingly. Since ISID
- also offers FTP service, the "what-can-you-do-for-me" negotiation may
- conclude successfully. The user request for file transfer may thus be
- satisfied.
-
-
-
- 3 SYSTEM COMPONENTS
-
- 3.1 Component Processes
-
- The two basic distributed components of SINS are the endpoint DNS
- and the intermediate DNS. An endpoint DNS is associated with each
- endpoint domain. An intermediate DNS is associated with a domain
- without any associated application process.
-
- The intermediate DNS is rather simple. It has the resolution
- capability for translating simple names of first-generation subdomains
- to addresses of their associated DNS. It also communicates with other
- DNS for domain resolution.
-
- An endpoint DNS consists of an AIP and a source DNS. The source
- DNS implements the polling mechanism which communicates with other DNSs
- as a hub for polling. It also has capability for the resolution of top-
- level domains. It responds to requests from the local AIP for domain
- resolution (Section 4.2.3).
-
- The major function of an AIP implements the intellegence of "what-
- can-you-do-for-me" negotiations. A communication module realizes
- negotiation exchanges between the source and destination AIPs (Section
- 4.2.2). As an interface between the application processes and the local
- DNS, it must also implement communication capabilities for exchanges
- with the DNS and the application processes.
-
-
- 3.2 Databases for Name Resolution
-
- There is a database associated with each resolution module. The
- database associated with an endpoint domain contains name-to-address
-
-
-
- 5
-
- RFC 830 October 1982
-
-
-
- correspondences for the top-level domains, first-generation descendents
- of the naming universe. It facilitates the endpoint DNS resolving the
- right-most simple name of a fully-qualified domain specification.
-
- The database associated with an intermediate domain contains name-
- to-address correspondences for the first-generation subdomains of this
- domain. Thus, the required database contents among the intermediate DNS
- databases are disjoint, and updates are local.
-
- It is also noticed that with the implementation of the SINS, there
- is no need for database format standardization.
-
-
- 3.3 Caching
-
- The component processes and resolution databases constitute the
- basic System for Internet Name Service. The distributed components are
- related according to the domain hierarchy. The databases associated
- with the endpoint domains are all identical. Containing only name-to-
- address correspondence for top-level domains, the endpoint database
- should be rather small in size. The disjoint nature of intermediate DNS
- databases allows easy local updates.
-
- However, communications will be very inefficient if the Internet
- name service is called for the establishment of every transaction. A
- standard solution to aleviate such inefficiency is the use of caching.
-
- Caching is a mechanism reusing previous resolution results. To
- expedite establishment of communication, the resolution results are
- stored for future reference. We do not incorporate caching as a
- standard feature of the SINS. However, we assume the use of caching for
- efficient operations at individual implementor's discretion.
-
-
-
- 4 INTER-COMPONENT COMMUNICATIONS (THE INTERNET NAME SERVICE PROTOCOLS)
-
- In this section, we present a format specification for
- correspondences between various component pairs. For co-located
- components, communication becomes interprocess, and the exact format
- less important. For inter-host communication, the format specification
- here defines a name service protocol.
-
- The communicating component pairs of concern here are application
- process/AIP, AIP/DNS, and AIP/AIP. The communications employ
- request/response commands. A single command structure is adopted for
- all three pairs; while communications between a particular pair may
- employ a subset of the commands. Such uniformity allows minimum
- processing and maximum code sharing for implementation.
-
-
-
-
- 6
-
- RFC 830 October 1982
-
- 4.1 Command Structure
-
- The basic command structure begins with two octets indicating
- command type and the number of items in the command. They are followed
- by the indicated number of items. The type of an item is indicated in
- its first octet, followed by a one-octet content length, and then the
- item content. Required presence or absence and order of the items for
- each component pair are specified in this section.
-
- Command Type Number of Items
-
- Item Indicator Content Length Item Content
- .
- .
-
- Command Type
-
- This type coded in binary number indicates whether this command is
- a request, an affirmative response, or some other type of response (see
- Appendix A for the command types and their corresponding code). This
- type specification implies the presence or absence and order of the
- following items.
-
- Number of Items
-
- This number is expressed in binary number. It specifies the number
- of following items. Owing to the possibility of a multiple response,
- this number may vary for a particular command.
-
- Item Indicator
-
- This indicator defines the item type. The possible types include:
- service, name, address, and comment. The type of an item implies its
- content structure.
-
- Content Length
-
- This length specification, in binary, indicates the length of the
- following content in octets. The maximum can be specified is 255, thus
- the maximum length of the content. However, this maximum may also be
- constrained by the total length of the command (Section 4.3).
-
- Item Content
-
- The contents for different items are:
- Service -- Transport protocol/service protocol/service type
- (ASCII). (See Appendix A for standard identifiers for
- service specifications.)
- Name -- Whole or partial name string according to Internet Naming
- Convention [1] (ASCII).
- Address -- The address is presented in binary form. In this
- writeup, double quotes, " ", are used around decimal
- values separated by a space to represent octets of the
- binary form.
-
- 7
-
- RFC 830 October 1982
-
-
-
- Parsing of the address is implied by the specified
- transport protocol. In the case of TCP, the first
- four octets gives the 32-bit IP address, the 5th octet
- the IP-specific protocol number, and the 6th the TCP or
- UDP port number for the application service.
-
- Comment -- The item is mostly optional. Its presence may allow
- an intermediate server passing comment to the end user.
- Error comments explaining resolution failure is an
- example of its use.
-
-
- 4.2 Command Specification
-
- In this section, we define the name service commands for the
- various communication pairs.
-
-
- 4.2.1 Application Process/AIP Communication
-
- From the name service point of view, there is no need for
- communication between the AIP and an application process at the
- destination. Thus, here we discuss communications at the originating
- domain.
-
- An application process initiates a dialogue by making a request for
- name service to its local AIP. It provides the requested application
- service and a destination name for resolution.
-
- REQUEST
-
- Command Type Number of Items
-
- Service Indicator Length Transport Protocol/Service/Service Type
-
- Name Indicator Name Length Name String
-
- Examples:
-
- 1 2
- 3 13 TCP/SMTP/mail
- 1 21 Postel@F.ISI.USC.ARPA
-
- 1 2
- 3 13 TCP/NIFTP/RFT
- 1 12 TSC.SRI.ARPA
-
- The first example is a resolution request for the name
- "Postel@F.ISI.USC.ARPA". It is 21 octets in length. The requested
- application service is TCP/SMTP/mail. The second example is a
- resolution request for application service NIFTP at TSC.SRI.ARPA.
-
-
- 8
-
- RFC 830 October 1982
-
-
-
- AFFIRMATIVE RESPONSE
-
- Command Type Number of Items
-
- Service Indicator Length Transport Protocol/Service/Service Type
-
- Name Indicator Name Length Name String
-
- Address Indicator Address Length Address
-
- Examples:
-
- 2 3
- 3 13 TCP/SMTP/mail
- 1 21 Postel@F.ISI.USC.ARPA
- 2 6 "10 2 0 52 6 25"
-
- 2 4
- 3 13 TCP/NIFTP/RFT
- 1 12 TSC.SRI.ARPA
- 2 6 "10 3 0 2 6 47"
- 2 6 "39 0 0 5 6 47"
-
- An affirmative response implies that the destination offers the
- requested service. The parsing of an address is implied by the
- indicated transport protocol. In the first example, the transport
- protocol is TCP. Thus, the address is composed of three fields: the
- internet address ("10 2 0 52"), the protocol number ("6" for TCP [3]),
- and the port number ("25" for SMTP [3]). A multiple-address response in
- the second example indicates that TSC is multi-homed via both ARPANET
- (net 10), and SRINET (net 39). A multiple-resolution response is
- preferred. It offers the source a choice.
-
- NEGATIVE RESPONSE
-
- Command Type Number of Items
-
- Service Indicator Length Transport Protocol/Service/Service Type
-
- Name Indicator Name Length Name String
-
- Name Indicator Name Length Partial Name String
-
- [Comment Indicator Comment Length Comment]
-
- This indicates difficulty in resolution. Returned with this
- command is the left-most portion of the specified name including the
- difficulty encountered. An optional comment item may be included.
-
-
-
-
- 9
-
- RFC 830 October 1982
-
-
- Examples:
-
- 3 4
- 3 13 TCP/SMTP/mail
- 1 16 Postel@F.ISI.USC
- 1 16 Postel@F.ISI.USC
- 9 18 Resolution Failure
-
- 3 4
- 3 13 TCP/NIFTP/RFT
- 1 13 TSC..SRI.ARPA
- 1 5 TSC..
- 9 17 Syntactic Anomaly
-
- In the first example, the resolution failed because USC is not top-level
- domain. The syntactic error of adajacent dots in the second example is
- obvious.
-
- INCOMPATIBLE SERVICE
-
- This response indicates no compatible application and/or transport
- service is available at the destination. For example, the requested
- application service may be SMTP, while only FTP-mail is available at the
- destination. Return with this command is the available corresponding
- available service, if any, and its address. If no service is available
- for that service type, an empty string for service specification is
- returned.
-
- Command Type Number of Items
-
- Service Indicator Length Transport Protocol/Service/Service Type
-
- Name Indicator Name Length Name String
-
- Service Indicator Length Transport Protocol/Service/Service Type
-
- [Address Indicator Address Length Address]
-
- Examples:
-
- 9 3
- 3 14 TCP/NIFTP/mail
- 1 21 Postel@F.ISI.USC.ARPA
- 3 0
-
- 9 5
- 3 13 TCP/NIFTP/RFT
- 1 12 TSC.SRI.ARPA
- 3 11 TCP/FTP/RFT
- 2 6 "10 3 0 2 6 21"
- 2 6 "39 0 0 5 6 21"
-
-
-
- 10
-
- RFC 830 October 1982
-
-
-
- 4.2.2 AIP/AIP Communication
-
- Communication between the AIPs accomplishes the "what-can-you-do-
- for-me" negotiation. Examples in this section correspond to those of
- Section 4.2.1.
-
- REQUEST
-
- Command Type Number of Items
-
- Service Indicator Length Transport Protocol/Service/Service Type
-
- Examples:
-
- 1 1
- 3 13 TCP/SMTP/mail
-
- 1 1
- 3 13 TCP/NIFTP/RFT
-
- AFFIRMATIVE RESPONSE
-
- Command Type Number of Items
-
- Service Indicator Length Transport Protocol/Service/Service Type
-
- Address Indicator Address Length Address
-
- Examples:
-
- 2 2
- 3 13 TCP/SMTP/mail
- 2 6 "10 2 0 52 6 25"
-
- 2 3
- 3 14 TCP/NIFTP/RFT
- 2 6 "10 3 0 2 6 47"
- 2 6 "39 0 0 5 6 47"
-
- An affirmative response implies that the destination offers the
- same service as that of the originator. A multi-resolution response is
- possible. The parsing of an address is implied by the indicated
- transport protocol. In the second example, the transport protocol is
- TCP. Thus, the address is composed of three fields: the internet
- address (10 2 0 52), the protocol number (6 for TCP), and the port
- number (25 for SMTP). The returned address(es) is to be relayed to the
- originating application process.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 11
-
- RFC 830 October 1982
-
- INCOMPATIBLE SERVICE
-
- Command Type Number of Items
-
- Service Indicator Length Transport Protocol/Service/Service Type
-
- Service Indicator Length Transport Protocol/Service/Service Type
-
- Address Indicator Address Length Address
-
- This response indicates no compatible application and/or transport
- service available serving the destination. For example, SMTP may be the
- requested application service, while only NIFTP-mail is available
- serving the destination. Return with this command is the available
- service of that type. If no service available for that service type, a
- empty text string is returned.
-
- Examples:
-
- 9 2
- 3 14 TCP/NIFTP/mail
- 3 0
-
- 9 4
- 3 13 TCP/NIFTP/RFT
- 3 11 TCP/FTP/RFT
- 2 6 "10 3 0 2 6 21"
- 2 6 "39 0 0 5 6 21"
-
- In the first example, the destination does not offer any kind of mail
- service. The second example indicates that there is no NIFTP, but FTP
- available for remote file transfer service at the destination.
-
-
- 4.2.3 AIP/DNS Communication
-
- The source AIP presents its associated DNS with a fully qualified
- domain specification for resolution. The expected resolution result is
- the network address for the destination endpoint DNS. We assume no need
- for communication between the DNS and AIP at the destination.
-
- REQUEST
-
- Command Type Number of Items
-
- Name Indicator Name Length Name String
-
- Examples:
-
- 1 1
- 1 14 F.ISI.USC.ARPA
-
- 1 1
- 1 12 TSC.SRI.ARPA
-
- 12
-
- RFC 830 October 1982
-
-
-
- AFFIRMATIVE RESPONSE
-
- Command Type Number of Items
-
- Name Indicator Name Length Name String
-
- Service Indicator Service Length Transport Protocol
-
- Address Indicator Address Length Address
-
- Examples:
-
- 2 3
- 1 14 F.ISI.USC.ARPA
- 3 3 UDP
- 2 6 "10 2 0 52 17 42"
-
- 2 4
- 1 7 TSC.SRI.ARPA
- 3 3 UDP
- 2 6 "10 3 0 2 17 42"
- 2 6 "39 0 0 5 17 42"
-
- An affirmative response returns an address of the destination endpoint
- DNS. This returned address is that of the destination DNS. The
- destination transport service needs to be indicated for guiding the
- parsing of the destination address.
-
- NEGATIVE RESPONSE
-
- Command Type Number of Items
-
- Name Indicator Name Length Name String
-
- Name Indicator Name Length Partial Name String
-
- [Comment Indicator Comment Length Comment]
-
- This response indicates that the domain name service is unable to
- resolve the given destination domain name. It could be caused by an
- unknown simple name, which may result from, for example, misspelling.
- Returned with this command is the left-most portion of the specified
- name containing the cause of resolution failure.
-
- Example:
-
- 1 3
- 1 9 F.ISI.USC
- 1 9 F.ISI.USC
- 9 18 Resolution Failure
-
-
-
- 13
-
- RFC 830 October 1982
-
-
- 4.2.4 DNS/DNS Communication
-
- The domain name service is an application independent network
- service. It provides the resolution of domain names. For the
- specification of this service the reader is referred to [2].
-
-
- 4.3 Transport Protocol
-
- For generality, this specification is intentionally transport
- protocol independent. Implications for the use of TCP and UDP are
- specifically considered.
-
- Typically, for distributed name service a server A makes a request
- to a server B, server B may need to in turn contact other servers to
- complete a resolution. TCP is a connection-oriented protocol. It
- offers reliable transport, but also imposes certain amount of overhead
- for connection establishment and maintenance. For most cases, the use
- of TCP is not recommended.
-
- UDP is a datagram service offering a transport capacity per
- datagram in excess of 500 octets. Such capacity should suffice most
- conceivable commands within this specification. However, it does impose
- a limit on the total length of a command. In order to enhance
- reliability, the request is incorporated as part of every response
- command.
-
-
-
- 5 NCP TO TCP TRANSITION
-
- The Internet Naming Convention, "<user>@<domain>. ... . <domain>"
- [1], is a generalization of "<user>@<host>", the ARPANET Naming
- Convention. It is a generalization in the sense that the ARPANET Naming
- Convention can be considered as a partially qualified form of the subset
- "<user>@<host>.ARPANET". (We assume here ARPANET is a top-level domain
- name.)
-
- For the transition from NCP to TCP, we may initially treat each
- host name entry in the current host table as a subdomain of the top-
- level domain ARPANET. Thus, initially there would be a very flat domain
- structure. This structure can be gradually changed after the transition
- toward a hierarchical structure when more and more domains and
- subdomains are defined and name servers installed. In the process of
- this change, the host table would be gradually converted into
- distributed domain tables (databases). For the newly created domain
- tables, no standard format would be required. Each individual domain
- table may have its own format suitable to the design of its associated
- domain name server.
-
-
-
-
- 14
-
- RFC 830 October 1982
-
-
-
- REFERENCES
-
- [1] Su, Z. and J. Postel, "The Domain Naming Convention for Internet
- User Applications," RFC 819, SRI International (August 1982).
-
- [2] Postel, J., "Domains Name Server," RFC XXX, USC/Information
- Sciences Institute (to appear).
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- [3] Postel, J., "Assigned Numbers," RFC 790, USC/Information Sciences
- Institute (September 1981).
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- 15
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- RFC 830 October 1982
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- Appendix A
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- CONVENTION ASSIGNMENTS
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- Command Types
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- Request 1
- Affirmative Response 2
- Negative Response 3
- Imcompatible Service 9
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- INDICATORS
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- Name Indicator 1
- Address Indicator 2
- Service Indicator 3
- Comment Indicator 9
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- TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS: TCP, UDP, NCP
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- SERVICES
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- Service Protocols Service Type
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- MTP mail
- SMTP mail
- FTP (FTP mail) mail
- NIFTP (NIFTP mail) mail
- MMDF mail
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- FTP RFT (remote file transfer)
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- Telnet RTA (remote terminal access)
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- 16
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